What is Pinealon (Pinealon Bioregulator)?

Pinealon (known chemically as EDR Tripeptide, Glutamyl-aspartyl-arginine, or L-glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-arginine) is a synthetic short-chain peptide bioregulator belonging to the Khavinson class of. Composed of three amino acids (Glu-Asp-Arg), the Pinealon Bioregulator was developed to study central nervous system cellular aging, neuro-epigenetic gene regulation, and neuronal cell survival under hypoxia and oxidative stress.

Batch-verified for high analytical purity at Modern Aminos, Pinealon is supplied as a 20MG lyophilized reference powder sealed in a 2R (3mL) borosilicate glass. Because short-chain tripeptides readily penetrate cell membranes and nuclear structures without complex transport machinery, researchers utilize Pinealon in cell culture assays to evaluate chromatin de-condensation, gene transcription restoration, and free radical neutralization alongside related peptide bioregulators and neuro-modulators available on the site, such as Epithalon, Semax, Selank, and Cortexin.

Chemical and Molecular Data

Compound Name	Pinealon (Pinealon Bioregulator)
Quantity / Formats Offered	20MG Lyophilized Powder in 2R (3ML) borosilicate glass
Peptide Sequence	`Glu-Asp-Arg` (EDR)
Synonyms / Alt Names	EDR Tripeptide, Glutamyl-aspartyl-arginine, Pinealon Peptide, Khavinson CNS Bioregulator
CAS Number	1629828-09-5
Chemical Formula	C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈
Molecular Weight	418.40 g/mol
IUPAC Name	(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid
InChIKey	UJBXNWJVAMYIAG-LBOIARJSSA-N
SMILES Code	`C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)O)N`

What are the Mechanisms of Action?

The biochemical pathways and cellular targets:

Chromatin Interaction & Epigenetic Gene Regulation: Research demonstrates that Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) binds directly to specific nucleosome histone proteins and DNA promoter regions. This site-specific binding induces chromatin de-condensation, reversing gene silencing in neuronal tissue cell models and restoring physiological protein synthesis rates.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) & Reactive Oxygen Species Neutralization: In primary neuronal cell cultures subjected to oxidative injury, the Pinealon Bioregulator reduces accumulation of intracellular malondialdehyde and lipid peroxides. It preserves mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulates endogenous enzymes that degrade reactive oxygen species, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
Anti-Apoptotic Signaling & Neuronal Adaptation: Pinealon Bioregulator modulates apoptotic gene transcription in neuronal cells exposed to ischemic or neurotoxic conditions. By downregulating pro-apoptotic Caspase-3 and Bax expression while maintaining anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 activity, Pinealon Bioregulator induces anti-apoptopic signaling in neuronal and synaptic models.

What do Preclinical & Academic Studies Show for Pinealon?

When evaluating research efficacy and published scientific literature:

Neuronal Culture & Synaptic Density Protection: Peer-reviewed research cataloged on PubMed (PMID: 25507421) documents Pinealon’s capacity to modulate dendritic spine density and synaptotagmin expression in hippocampal neuronal cultures exposed to neurotoxins.
Short Bioregulatory Peptides & Chromatin Mechanisms: Comprehensive molecular literature archived in PMC (PMC8540866) details how short tripeptides like EDR penetrate plasma membranes to bind DNA promoter sequences, regulating gene expression programs linked to central nervous system activation.
In Vitro Brain Tissue Respiration & Antioxidant Assays: Experimental trials published on ResearchGate confirm that Pinealon normalizes cellular respiration rates and restores protein synthesis levels in cerebral cortex cultures.

How does Pinealon compare to other compounds?

To evaluate peptide sequences, cellular targets, and neuroprotective pathways, researchers compare Pinealon against alternative reference standards available at Modern Aminos:

Compound / Reference	Chemical Class & Structure	Core Mechanism of Action	Research Focus & Profile
Pinealon	Synthetic Tripeptide Bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Arg)	Binds chromatin DNA to regulate neuronal gene transcription, suppress ROS, and inhibit Caspase-3 apoptosis	Focuses on cerebral cortex protection, and gene expression restoration in neuronal models
Epithalon	Synthetic Tetrapeptide Bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly)	Induces telomerase enzyme activity and elongation in somatic cell cultures, regulating pineal gland secretion	Focuses on systemic cellular senescence, telomere length dynamics, and pineal gland circadian rhythm research
Semax	ACTH(4-10) Derived Heptapeptide Analog	Upregulates hippocampal BDNF and NGF expression while modulating central dopaminergic and cholinergic pathways	Focuses on cognitive activation and consolidation, and acts as an acute neuro-vascular protectant during elevated ischemic events
Selank	Tuftsin-Derived Heptapeptide Analog	Stabilizes endogenous enkephalins, increases BDNF expression, and modulates GABAergic neurotransmission	Focuses on central neuropeptide stability, immunomodulation and ischemic buffering models

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is Modern Aminos a reliable place to buy Pinealon?

Yes, Modern Aminos is a highly trusted vendor for high-purity research peptides and bioregulators. Every batch of Pinealon undergoes strict third-party analytical testing (including HPLC and Mass Spectrometry) to verify minimum 98%+ purity, correct EDR tripeptide sequence identity, and complete absence of unreacted amino acid fragments or heavy metals.

2. What is the amino acid sequence and molecular structure of Pinealon?

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide consisting of three amino acids: L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, and L-arginine (Glu-Asp-Arg / EDR). Its chemical formula is C₁₅H₂₆N₆O₈ with a molecular weight of 418.40 g/mol.

3. How does Pinealon regulate gene expression in neuronal cell lines?

Due to its short sequence length and small molecular mass, Pinealon penetrates plasma membranes and nuclear envelopes. It binds directly to histone proteins and DNA double-helix grooves, inducing structural chromatin changes that allow RNA polymerase to transcribe previously silenced neuro-protective genes.

4. What role does Pinealon have in managing ischemic oxidative stress and ROS reduction?

In neuronal cell culture assays subjected to hypoxia or ischemic oxidative stress, Pinealon suppresses formation of reactive oxygen species, reduces lipid peroxidation, and upregulates transcription of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD).

5. How does Pinealon differ from Epithalon in bioregulator research?

Epithalon is a tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) focused on telomerase activation, telomere elongation, and pineal gland regulation. Pinealon is a tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) specifically targeted to central nervous system tissue, chromatin gene expression, and neuronal ROS protection.

6. Why do short-chain tripeptides like Pinealon exhibit high cellular uptake?

Tripeptides possess a low molecular weight (< 500 Da) and balanced lipophilicity. This allows them to cross plasma membranes and nuclear envelopes via passive diffusion or basic peptide transporters without requiring specialized receptor-mediated endocytosis.

7. What are the proper storage parameters for Pinealon vials?

Unopened lyophilized Pinealon vials should be stored frozen at -20°C for long-term preservation. Protect from direct light, heat, and moisture. Once converted into an aqueous solution, store between 2°C and 8°C and use within designated laboratory testing windows.

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Bioregulators